Biology for AP Courses

Biology for AP® Courses covers the scope and sequence requirements of a typical two-semester Advanced Placement® biology course. The text provides comprehensive coverage of foundational research and core biology concepts through an evolutionary lens. Biology for AP® Courses was designed to meet and exceed the requirements of the College Board’s AP® Biology framework while allowing significant flexibility for instructors. Each section of the book includes an introduction based on the AP® curriculum and includes rich features that engage students in scientific practice and AP® test preparation; it also highlights careers and research opportunities in biological sciences.

Advanced Placement® and AP® are trademarks registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this textbook.

Senior Contributing Authors

Julianne Zedalis, The Bishop's School in La Jolla, CA
John Eggebrecht, Cornell University

Contributing Authors

Yael Avissar, Rhode Island College
Jung Choi, Georgia Institute of Technology
Jean DeSaix, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Vladimir Jurukovski, Suffolk County Community College
Connie Rye, East Mississippi Community College
Robert Wise, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh

Unit 1 The Chemistry of Life

Chapter 1 The Study of Life
Introduction
1.1 The Science of Biology
1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses

Chapter 2 The Chemical Foundation of Life
Introduction
2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks
2.2 Water
2.3 Carbon
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Chapter 3 Biological Macromolecules
Introduction
3.1 Synthesis of Biological Macromolecules
3.2 Carbohydrates
3.3 Lipids
3.4 Proteins
3.5 Nucleic Acids
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Unit 2 The Cell

Chapter 4 Cell Structure
Introduction
4.1 Studying Cells
4.2 Prokaryotic Cells
4.3 Eukaryotic Cells
4.4 The Endomembrane System and Proteins
4.5 Cytoskeleton
4.6 Connections between Cells and Cellular Activities
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Chapter 5 Structure and Function of Plasma Membranes
Introduction
5.1 Components and Structure
5.2 Passive Transport
5.3 Active Transport
5.4 Bulk Transport
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Chapter 6 Metabolism
Introduction
6.1 Energy and Metabolism
6.2 Potential, Kinetic, Free, and Activation Energy
6.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics
6.4 ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
6.5 Enzymes
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration
Introduction
7.1 Energy in Living Systems
7.2 Glycolysis
7.3 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle
7.4 Oxidative Phosphorylation
7.5 Metabolism without Oxygen
7.6 Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways
7.7 Regulation of Cellular Respiration
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Chapter 8 Photosynthesis
Introduction
8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis
8.2 The Light-Dependent Reaction of Photosynthesis
8.3 Using Light to Make Organic Molecules
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Chapter 9 Cell Communication
Introduction
9.1 Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors
9.2 Propagation of the Signal
9.3 Response to the Signal
9.4 Signaling in Single-Celled Organisms
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Chapter 10 Cell Reproduction
Introduction
10.1 Cell Division
10.2 The Cell Cycle
10.3 Control of the Cell Cycle
10.4 Cancer and the Cell Cycle
10.5 Prokaryotic Cell Division
Key Terms: Mitosis
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Unit 3 Genetics

Chapter 11 Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction
Introduction
11.1 The Process of Meiosis
11.2 Sexual Reproduction
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Chapter 12 Mendel's Experiments and Heredity
Introduction
12.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability
12.2 Characteristics and Traits
12.3 Laws of Inheritance
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Chapter 13 Modern Understandings of Inheritance
Introduction
13.1 Chromosomal Theory and Genetic Linkages
13.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inherited Disorders
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Chapter 14 DNA Structure and Function
Introduction
14.1 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding
14.2 DNA Structure and Sequencing
14.3 Basics of DNA Replication
14.4 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes
14.5 DNA Replication in Eukaryotes
14.6 DNA Repair
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Chapter 15 Genes and Proteins
Introduction
15.1 The Genetic Code
15.2 Prokaryotic Transcription
15.3 Eukaryotic Transcription
15.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes
15.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Chapter 16 Gene Regulation
Introduction
16.1 Regulation of Gene Expression
16.2 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
16.3 Eukaryotic Epigenetic Gene Regulation
16.4 Eukaryotic Transcriptional Gene Regulation
16.5 Eukaryotic Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation
16.6 Eukaryotic Translational and Post-translational Gene Regulation
16.7 Cancer and Gene Regulation
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Chapter 17 Biotechnology and Genomics
Introduction
17.1 Biotechnology
17.2 Mapping Genomes
17.3 Whole-Genome Sequencing
17.4 Applying Genomics
17.5 Genomics and Proteomics
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Unit 4 Evolutionary Processes

Chapter 18 Evolution and Origin of Species
Introduction
18.1 Understanding Evolution
18.2 Formation of New Species
18.3 Reconnection and Rates of Speciation
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Chapter 19 The Evolution of Populations
Introduction
19.1 Population Evolution
19.2 Population Genetics
19.3 Adaptive Evolution
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Chapter 20 Phylogenies and the History of Life
Introduction
20.1 Organizing Life on Earth
20.2 Determining Evolutionary Relationships
20.3 Perspectives on the Phylogenetic Tree
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Unit 5 Biological Diversity

Chapter 21 Viruses
Introduction
21.1 Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification
21.2 Virus Infection and Hosts
21.3 Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections
21.4 Other Acellular Entities: Prions and Viroids
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Chapter 22 Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea
Introduction
22.1 Prokaryotic Diversity
22.2 Structure of Prokaryotes
22.3 Prokaryotic Metabolism
22.4 Bacterial Diseases in Humans
22.5 Beneficial Prokaryotes
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Unit 6 Plant Structure and Function

Chapter 23 Plant Form and Physiology
Introduction
23.1 The Plant Body
23.2 Stems
23.3 Roots
23.4 Leaves
23.5 Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants
23.6 Plant Sensory Systems and Responses
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Unit 7 Animal Structure and Function

Chapter 24 The Animal Body: Basic Form and Function
Introduction
24.1 Animal Form and Function
24.2 Animal Primary Tissues
24.3 Homeostasis
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses

Chapter 25 Animal Nutrition and the Digestive System
Introduction
25.1 Digestive Systems
25.2 Nutrition and Energy Production
25.3 Digestive System Processes
25.4 Digestive System Regulation
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Chapter 26 The Nervous System
Introduction
26.1 Neurons and Glial Cells
26.2 How Neurons Communicate
26.3 The Central Nervous System
26.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
26.5 Nervous System Disorders
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Chapter 27 Sensory Systems
Introduction
27.1 Sensory Processes
27.2 Somatosensation
27.3 Taste and Smell
27.4 Hearing and Vestibular Sensation
27.5 Vision
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Chapter 28 The Endocrine System
Introduction
28.1 Types of Hormones
28.2 How Hormones Work
28.3 Regulation of Body Processes
28.4 Regulation of Hormone Production
28.5 Endocrine Glands
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Chapter 29 The Musculoskeletal System
Introduction
29.1 Types of Skeletal Systems
29.2 Bone
29.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement
29.4 Muscle Contraction and Locomotion
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Chapter 30 The Respiratory System
Introduction
30.1 Systems of Gas Exchange
30.2 Gas Exchange across Respiratory Surfaces
30.3 Breathing
30.4 Transport of Gases in Human Bodily Fluids
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Chapter 31 The Circulatory System
Introduction
31.1 Overview of the Circulatory System
31.2 Components of the Blood
31.3 Mammalian Heart and Blood Vessels
31.4 Blood Flow and Blood Pressure Regulation
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Chapter 32 Osmotic Regulation and Excretion
Introduction
32.1 Osmoregulation and Osmotic Balance
32.2 The Kidneys and Osmoregulatory Organs
32.3 Excretion Systems
32.4 Nitrogenous Wastes
32.5 Hormonal Control of Osmoregulatory Functions
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses

Chapter 33 The Immune System
Introduction
33.1 Innate Immune Response
33.2 Adaptive Immune Response
33.3 Antibodies
33.4 Disruptions in the Immune System
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Chapter 34 Animal Reproduction and Development
Introduction
34.1 Reproduction Methods
34.2 Fertilization
34.3 Human Reproductive Anatomy and Gametogenesis
34.4 Hormonal Control of Human Reproduction
34.5 Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development
34.6 Organogenesis and Vertebrate Formation
34.7 Human Pregnancy and Birth
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Unit 8 Ecology

Chapter 35 Ecology and the Biosphere
Introduction
35.1 The Scope of Ecology
35.2 Biogeography
35.3 Terrestrial Biomes
35.4 Aquatic Biomes
35.5 Climate and the Effects of Global Climate Change
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Chapter 36 Population and Community Ecology
Introduction
36.1 Population Demography
36.2 Life Histories and Natural Selection
36.3 Environmental Limits to Population Growth
36.4 Population Dynamics and Regulation
36.5 Human Population Growth
36.6 Community Ecology
36.7 Behavioral Biology: Proximate and Ultimate Causes of Behavior
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Chapter 37 Ecosystems
Introduction
37.1 Ecology for Ecosystems
37.2 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
37.3 Biogeochemical Cycles
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses
Science Practice Challenge Questions

Chapter 38 Conservation Biology and Biodiversity
Introduction
38.1 The Biodiversity Crisis
38.2 The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life
38.3 Threats to Biodiversity
38.4 Preserving Biodiversity
Key Terms
Chapter Summary
Review Questions
Critical Thinking Questions
Test Prep for AP® Courses