Anatomy and Physiology 2e

Senior Contributing Authors

J. Gordon Betts, Tyler Junior College
Kelly A. Young, California State University, Long Beach
James A. Wise, Hampton University
Eddie Johnson, Central Oregon Community College
Brandon Poe, Springfield Technical Community College
Dean H. Kruse, Portland Community College
Oksana Korol, Aims Community College
Jody E. Johnson, Arapahoe Community College
Mark Womble, Youngstown State University
Peter DeSaix, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill


Contributing Authors

William Blaker, Furman University
Julie Bowers, East Tennessee State University
Matthew Barlow, Eastern New Mexico University
Michael Hortsch, University of Michigan
Emily Bradshaw, Florida Southern College
Kathleen Tallman, Azusa Pacific University
Boyd Campbell, Southwest College of Naturopathic Medicine and Health Sciences
Rohinton Tarapore, University of Pennsylvania
Branko Jablanovic, College of Lake County
Pamela Dobbins, Shelton State Community College
Brian Shmaefsky, Lone Star College System
Barbara Christie-Pope, Cornell College
Douglas Sizemore, Bevill State Community College
Maurice Culver, Florida State College at Jacksonville
Debra McLaughlin, University of Maryland University College
Bruce Maring, Daytona State College
Peter Dukehart, Three Rivers Community College
Susan Dentel, Washtenaw Community College
Elizabeth Tattersall, Western Nevada College
Margaret Weck, St. Louis College of Pharmacy
Neil Westergaard, Williston State College
Marnie Chapman, University of Alaska, Sitka
William Kleinelp, Middlesex County College
Brenda Leady, University of Toledo
Susanna Heinze, Skagit Valley College
Julie May, William Carey University
Ann Caplea, Walsh University
Kim Aaronson, Aquarius Institute; Triton College
Lopamudra Agarwal, Augusta Technical College
Gary Allen, Dalhousie University
Nishi Bryska, University of North Carolina, Charlotte
Susan Caley Opsal, Illinois Valley Community College
Norman Johnson, University of Massachusetts Amherst
Sarah Leupen, University of Maryland, Baltimore County
Robert Mallet, University of North Texas Health Science Center
Kenneth Crane, Texarkana College
Heather Cushman, Tacoma Community College
Chaya Gopalan, St. Louis College of Pharmacy
Mark Hubley, Prince George's Community College
Dale Horeth, Tidewater Community College
Kathleen Weiss, George Fox University
Sharon Ellerton, Queensborough Community College
Janis Thompson, Lorain County Community College
Rita Thrasher, Pensacola State College
Nicholas Mitchell, St. Bonaventure University
David Van Wylen, St. Olaf College
Elisabeth Martin, College of Lake County
Ivan Paul, John Wood Community College
Lihua Liang, Johns Hopkins University
David Wortham, West Georgia Technical College
Shobhana Natarajan, Alcon Laboratories, Inc.
Betsy Ott, Tyler Junior College
Sondra Dubowsky, McLennan Community College
Mary Jane Niles, University of San Francisco
Mark Thomas, University of Northern Colorado
Mike Pyle, Olivet Nazarene University
Umesh Yadav, University of Texas Medical Branch
Ann Henninger, Wartburg College
Elizabeth DuPriest, Warner Pacific College
Timothy Ballard, University of North Carolina Wilmington
Phillip Nicotera, St. Petersburg College
Michael Giangrande, Oakland Community College
Natalie Maxwell, Carl Albert State College, Sallisaw
Cameron Perkins, South Georgia College
Robert Rawding, Gannon University
Lynn Gargan, Tarant County College
Jeff Keyte, College of Saint Mary
Victor Greco, Chattahoochee Technical College
Robert Allison, McLennan Community College
Heather Armbruster, Southern Union State Community College
Lynn Wandrey, Mott Community College
David Pfeiffer, University of Alaska, Anchorage
Mark Jonasson, North Arkansas College
Susan Spencer, Mount Hood Community College
Leigh Kleinert, Grand Rapids Community College
Jason Schreer, State University of New York at Potsdam
Thomas Pilat, Illinois Central College
Ikemefuna Nwosu, Parkland College; Lake Land College
Patty Dolan, Pacific Lutheran University
Ellen DuPré, Central College
John Lepri, University of North Carolina, Greensboro
Carla Endres, Utah State University - College of Eastern Utah: San Juan Campus
Eileen Preston, Tarrant County College
Eric Sun, Middle Georgia State College
Tom Swenson, Ithaca College
Tony Yates, Oklahoma Baptist University
Justin York, Glendale Community College
Cheri Zao, North Idaho College
Elena Zoubina, Bridgewater State University; Massasoit Community College
Noelle Cutter, Molloy College
Lynnette Danzl-Tauer, Rock Valley College
Myriam Feldman, Lake Washington Institute of Technology; Cascadia Community College
Jane Davis, Aurora University
Rosemary Hubbard, Marymount University
Aaron Payette, College of Southern Nevada
Greg Fitch, Avila University
Robert Sullivan, Marist College
AnnMarie DelliPizzi, Dominican College
Cynthia Standley, University of Arizona
Shobhana Natarajan, Brookhaven College
Scott Payne, Kentucky Wesleyan College
Laird Sheldahl, Mt. Hood Community College
Pam Elf, University of Minnesota

Unit 1 Levels of Organization

Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Human Body
o Introduction
o 1.1 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
o 1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body
o 1.3 Functions of Human Life
o 1.4 Requirements for Human Life
o 1.5 Homeostasis
o 1.6 Anatomical Terminology
o 1.7 Medical Imaging
o Key Terms
o Chapter Review
o Interactive Link Questions
o Review Questions
o Critical Thinking Questions

Chapter 2 The Chemical Level of Organization
o Introduction
o 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter
o 2.2 Chemical Bonds
o 2.3 Chemical Reactions
o 2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
o 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning
o Key Terms
o Chapter Review
o Interactive Link Questions
o Review Questions
o Critical Thinking Questions

Chapter 3 The Cellular Level of Organization
o Introduction
o 3.1 The Cell Membrane
o 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles
o 3.3 The Nucleus and DNA Replication
o 3.4 Protein Synthesis
o 3.5 Cell Growth and Division
o 3.6 Cellular Differentiation
o Key Terms
o Chapter Review
o Interactive Link Questions
o Review Questions
o Critical Thinking Questions

Chapter 4 The Tissue Level of Organization
o Introduction
o 4.1 Types of Tissues
o 4.2 Epithelial Tissue
o 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects
o 4.4 Muscle Tissue and Motion
o 4.5 Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response
o 4.6 Tissue Injury and Aging
o Key Terms
o Chapter Review
o Interactive Link Questions
o Review Questions
o Critical Thinking Questions

Unit 2 Support and Movement

Chapter 5 The Integumentary System
o Introduction
o 5.1 Layers of the Skin
o 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin
o 5.3 Functions of the Integumentary System
o 5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System
o Key Terms
o Chapter Review
o Interactive Link Questions
o Review Questions
o Critical Thinking Questions

Chapter 6 Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System
o Introduction
o 6.1 The Functions of the Skeletal System
o 6.2 Bone Classification
o 6.3 Bone Structure
o 6.4 Bone Formation and Development
o 6.5 Fractures: Bone Repair
o 6.6 Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue
o 6.7 Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems
o Key Terms
o Chapter Review
o Review Questions
o Critical Thinking Questions

Chapter 7 Axial Skeleton
o Introduction
o 7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System
o 7.2 The Skull
o 7.3 The Vertebral Column
o 7.4 The Thoracic Cage
o 7.5 Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton
o Key Terms
o Chapter Review
o Interactive Link Questions
o Review Questions
o Critical Thinking Questions

Chapter 8 The Appendicular Skeleton
o Introduction
o 8.1 The Pectoral Girdle
o 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb
o 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
o 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb
o 8.5 Development of the Appendicular Skeleton
o Key Terms
o Chapter Review
o Interactive Link Questions
o Review Questions
o Critical Thinking Questions

Chapter 9 Joints
o Introduction
o 9.1 Classification of Joints
o 9.2 Fibrous Joints
o 9.3 Cartilaginous Joints
o 9.4 Synovial Joints
o 9.5 Types of Body Movements
o 9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints
o 9.7 Development of Joints
o Key Terms
o Chapter Review
o Interactive Link Questions
o Review Questions
o Critical Thinking Questions

Chapter 10 Muscle Tissue
o Introduction
o 10.1 Overview of Muscle Tissues
o 10.2 Skeletal Muscle
o 10.3 Muscle Fiber Contraction and Relaxation
o 10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension
o 10.5 Types of Muscle Fibers
o 10.6 Exercise and Muscle Performance
o 10.7 Cardiac Muscle Tissue
o 10.8 Smooth Muscle
o 10.9 Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue
o Key Terms
o Chapter Review
o Interactive Link Questions
o Review Questions
o Critical Thinking Questions

Chapter 11 The Muscular System
o Introduction
o 11.1 Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems
o 11.2 Naming Skeletal Muscles
o 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back
o 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax
o 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs
o 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs
o Key Terms
o Chapter Review
o Review Questions
o Critical Thinking Questions

Unit 3 Regulation, Integration, and Control

Chapter 12 The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
o Introduction
o 12.1 Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System
o 12.2 Nervous Tissue
o 12.3 The Function of Nervous Tissue
o 12.4 The Action Potential
o 12.5 Communication Between Neurons
o Key Terms
o Chapter Review
o Interactive Link Questions
o Review Questions
o Critical Thinking Questions

Chapter 13 Anatomy of the Nervous System
o Introduction
o 13.1 The Embryologic Perspective
o 13.2 The Central Nervous System
o 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System
o 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
o Key Terms
o Chapter Review
o Interactive Link Questions
o Review Questions
o Critical Thinking Questions

Chapter 14 The Somatic Nervous System
o Introduction
o 14.1 Sensory Perception
o 14.2 Central Processing
o 14.3 Motor Responses
o Key Terms
o Chapter Review
o Interactive Link Questions
o Review Questions
o Critical Thinking Questions

Chapter 15 The Autonomic Nervous System
o Introduction
o 15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System
o 15.2 Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis
o 15.3 Central Control
o 15.4 Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System
o Key Terms
o Chapter Review
o Interactive Link Questions
o Review Questions
o Critical Thinking Questions

Chapter 16 The Neurological Exam
o Introduction
o 16.1 Overview of the Neurological Exam
o 16.2 The Mental Status Exam
o 16.3 The Cranial Nerve Exam
o 16.4 The Sensory and Motor Exams
o 16.5 The Coordination and Gait Exams
o Key Terms
o Chapter Review
o Interactive Link Questions
o Review Questions
o Critical Thinking Questions

Chapter 17 The Endocrine System
o Introduction
o 17.1 An Overview of the Endocrine System
o 17.2 Hormones
o 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus
o 17.4 The Thyroid Gland
o 17.5 The Parathyroid Glands
o 17.6 The Adrenal Glands
o 17.7 The Pineal Gland
o 17.8 Gonadal and Placental Hormones
o 17.9 The Endocrine Pancreas
o 17.10 Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions
o 17.11 Development and Aging of the Endocrine System
o Key Terms
o Chapter Review
o Interactive Link Questions
o Review Questions
o Critical Thinking Questions

Unit 4 Fluids and Transport

Chapter 18 The Cardiovascular System: Blood
o Introduction
o 18.1 An Overview of Blood
o 18.2 Production of the Formed Elements
o 18.3 Erythrocytes
o 18.4 Leukocytes and Platelets
o 18.5 Hemostasis
o 18.6 Blood Typing
o Key Terms
o Chapter Review
o Interactive Link Questions
o Review Questions
o Critical Thinking Questions

Chapter 19 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart
o Introduction
o 19.1 Heart Anatomy
o 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity
o 19.3 Cardiac Cycle
o 19.4 Cardiac Physiology
o 19.5 Development of the Heart
o Key Terms
o Chapter Review
o Interactive Link Questions
o Review Questions
o Critical Thinking Questions

Chapter 20 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation
o Introduction
o 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels
o 20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance
o 20.3 Capillary Exchange
o 20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System
o 20.5 Circulatory Pathways
o 20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation
o Key Terms
o Chapter Review
o Interactive Link Questions
o Review Questions
o Critical Thinking Questions

Chapter 21 The Lymphatic and Immune System
o Introduction
o 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems
o 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response
o 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types
o 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies
o 21.5 The Immune Response against Pathogens
o 21.6 Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses
o 21.7 Transplantation and Cancer Immunology
o Key Terms
o Chapter Review
o Interactive Link Questions
o Review Questions
o Critical Thinking Questions

Unit 5 Energy, Maintenance, and Environmental Exchange

Chapter 22 The Respiratory System
o Introduction
o 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System
o 22.2 The Lungs
o 22.3 The Process of Breathing
o 22.4 Gas Exchange
o 22.5 Transport of Gases
o 22.6 Modifications in Respiratory Functions
o 22.7 Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System
o Key Terms
o Chapter Review
o Interactive Link Questions
o Review Questions
o Critical Thinking Questions

Chapter 23 The Digestive System
o Introduction
o 23.1 Overview of the Digestive System
o 23.2 Digestive System Processes and Regulation
o 23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus
o 23.4 The Stomach
o 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines
o 23.6 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder
o 23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look
o Key Terms
o Chapter Review
o Interactive Link Questions
o Review Questions
o Critical Thinking Questions

Chapter 24 Metabolism and Nutrition
o Introduction
o 24.1 Overview of Metabolic Reactions
o 24.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism
o 24.3 Lipid Metabolism
o 24.4 Protein Metabolism
o 24.5 Metabolic States of the Body
o 24.6 Energy and Heat Balance
o 24.7 Nutrition and Diet
o Key Terms
o Chapter Review
o Review Questions
o Critical Thinking Questions

Chapter 25 The Urinary System
o Introduction
o 25.1 Physical Characteristics of Urine
o 25.2 Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport
o 25.3 Gross Anatomy of the Kidney
o 25.4 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney
o 25.5 Physiology of Urine Formation
o 25.6 Tubular Reabsorption
o 25.7 Regulation of Renal Blood Flow
o 25.8 Endocrine Regulation of Kidney Function
o 25.9 Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition
o 25.10 The Urinary System and Homeostasis
o Key Terms
o Chapter Review
o Review Questions
o Critical Thinking Questions

Chapter 26 Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
o Introduction
o 26.1 Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments
o 26.2 Water Balance
o 26.3 Electrolyte Balance
o 26.4 Acid-Base Balance
o 26.5 Disorders of Acid-Base Balance
o Key Terms
o Chapter Review
o Interactive Link Questions
o Review Questions
o Critical Thinking Questions

Unit 6 Human Development and the Continuity of Life

Chapter 27 The Reproductive System
o Introduction
o 27.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Testicular Reproductive System
o 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Ovarian Reproductive System
o 27.3 Development of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems
o Key Terms
o Chapter Review
o Interactive Link Questions
o Review Questions
o Critical Thinking Questions

Chapter 28 Development and Inheritance
o Introduction
o 28.1 Fertilization
o 28.2 Embryonic Development
o 28.3 Fetal Development
o 28.4 Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth
o 28.5 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages
o 28.6 Lactation
o 28.7 Patterns of Inheritance
o Key Terms
o Chapter Review
o Interactive Link Questions
o Review Questions
o Critical Thinking Questions

References
Index